Non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomoses result from infection with Trypanosoma evansi, T. equiprdum and T. vivax, transmitted mechanically by biting flies. An example is camel trypanosomiasis, which is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma evansi. Known more commonly as surra, the disease is extremely debilitating and a major cause of morbidity of up to 30%, and mortality of around 3% in camels. Estimates of direct impact of the disease are over US$126 million annually.
Surra is transmitted non-cyclically by haematophagus flies is endemic in Africa, Middle East countries, Asia and South America. Available information on the prevalence of surra caused by T. evansi is: Nigeria (27%), Chad (30%), Mauritania (24%), Niger (29%), Kenya (48-95%), Ethiopia (21%), Sudan (33%), Somalia (58%), Morocco (34.5 % in Tafilalet and 43.3% in Ouarzazate provinces), Egypt (81%), Jordan (33%), Iraq (47%), Iran (10%), United Arab Emirates (8-14%), India (22%), Pakistan (14%), South America (27%