-
Bees provide excellent opportunities to improve livelihoods of smallholder farmers through income generation. Diverse hive products can be utilized for commercial purposes. Additionally, bees provide an essential ecosystem service: pollination of crop and wild plants thereby contributing to food security.
However, bees’ health and colony integrity might be impaired by several types of environmental threats, especially pests and pathogens, intensification of agriculture resulting in high exposure to pesticides and habitat degradation.
-